Se nos entrega el siguiente ELF:

/* This file was generated by the Hex-Rays decompiler version 8.4.0.240320.
   Copyright (c) 2007-2021 Hex-Rays <info@hex-rays.com>

   Detected compiler: GNU C++
*/

#include <defs.h>


//-------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Function declarations

__int64 (**init_proc())(void);
void sub_1020();
// int printf(const char *format, ...);
// int getchar(void);
// int fflush(FILE *stream);
// __int64 __isoc99_scanf(const char *, ...); weak
// void __noreturn exit(int status);
// int __fastcall _cxa_finalize(void *);
void __fastcall __noreturn start(__int64 a1, __int64 a2, void (*a3)(void));
FILE **deregister_tm_clones();
__int64 register_tm_clones(); // weak
FILE **_do_global_dtors_aux();
__int64 __fastcall frame_dummy(_QWORD, _QWORD, _QWORD); // weak
int __fastcall main(int argc, const char **argv, const char **envp);
_BOOL8 __fastcall comprobacion(char a1, char a2, int a3);
void _libc_csu_fini(void); // idb
void term_proc();
// int __fastcall _libc_start_main(int (__fastcall *main)(int, char **, char **), int argc, char **ubp_av, void (*init)(void), void (*fini)(void), void (*rtld_fini)(void), void *stack_end);
// int __fastcall __cxa_finalize(void *);
// __int64 _gmon_start__(void); weak

//-------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Data declarations

_UNKNOWN _libc_csu_init;
__int64 (__fastcall *_frame_dummy_init_array_entry)() = &frame_dummy; // weak
__int64 (__fastcall *_do_global_dtors_aux_fini_array_entry)() = &_do_global_dtors_aux; // weak
void *_dso_handle = &_dso_handle; // idb
char *a = "MdfnJk"; // weak
char *b = "jYx}"; // weak
char *c = "gWmfk"; // weak
char *d = "mlvpc"; // weak
char *f = "neU++w"; // weak
FILE *_bss_start; // idb
char completed_0; // weak


//----- (0000000000001000) ----------------------------------------------------
__int64 (**init_proc())(void)
{
  __int64 (**result)(void); // rax

  result = &_gmon_start__;
  if ( &_gmon_start__ )
    return (__int64 (**)(void))_gmon_start__();
  return result;
}
// 40D0: using guessed type __int64 _gmon_start__(void);

//----- (0000000000001020) ----------------------------------------------------
void sub_1020()
{
  JUMPOUT(0LL);
}
// 1026: control flows out of bounds to 0

//----- (0000000000001090) ----------------------------------------------------
// positive sp value has been detected, the output may be wrong!
void __fastcall __noreturn start(__int64 a1, __int64 a2, void (*a3)(void))
{
  __int64 v3; // rax
  int v4; // esi
  __int64 v5; // [rsp-8h] [rbp-8h] BYREF
  char *retaddr; // [rsp+0h] [rbp+0h] BYREF

  v4 = v5;
  v5 = v3;
  _libc_start_main(
    (int (__fastcall *)(int, char **, char **))main,
    v4,
    &retaddr,
    (void (*)(void))_libc_csu_init,
    _libc_csu_fini,
    a3,
    &v5);
  __halt();
}
// 1096: positive sp value 8 has been found
// 109D: variable 'v3' is possibly undefined

//----- (00000000000010C0) ----------------------------------------------------
FILE **deregister_tm_clones()
{
  return &_bss_start;
}

//----- (00000000000010F0) ----------------------------------------------------
__int64 register_tm_clones()
{
  return 0LL;
}
// 10F0: using guessed type __int64 register_tm_clones();

//----- (0000000000001130) ----------------------------------------------------
FILE **_do_global_dtors_aux()
{
  FILE **result; // rax

  if ( !completed_0 )
  {
    if ( &__cxa_finalize )
      _cxa_finalize(_dso_handle);
    result = deregister_tm_clones();
    completed_0 = 1;
  }
  return result;
}
// 4080: using guessed type char completed_0;

//----- (0000000000001175) ----------------------------------------------------
int __fastcall main(int argc, const char **argv, const char **envp)
{
  char v4; // [rsp+7h] [rbp-9h] BYREF
  int v5; // [rsp+8h] [rbp-8h]
  bool v6; // [rsp+Fh] [rbp-1h]

  v6 = 1;
  v5 = 0;
  while ( v6 )
  {
    fflush(_bss_start);
    printf("\nIntroduce la letra correcta:\t");
    __isoc99_scanf("%c", &v4);
    getchar();
    if ( v5 > 5 )
    {
      if ( v5 > 9 )
      {
        if ( v5 > 14 )
        {
          if ( v5 > 19 )
            v6 = comprobacion(v4, f[v5 - 20], 10);
          else
            v6 = comprobacion(v4, d[v5 - 15], 2);
        }
        else
        {
          v6 = comprobacion(v4, c[v5 - 10], 8);
        }
      }
      else
      {
        v6 = comprobacion(v4, b[v5 - 6], 17);
      }
    }
    else
    {
      v6 = comprobacion(v4, a[v5], 5);
    }
    if ( !v6 )
    {
      printf("Incorrecta");
      exit(1);
    }
    printf("\n%c\n", (unsigned int)v4);
    if ( v5 == 25 )
    {
      printf("Ya tienes la flag!!");
      exit(1);
    }
    ++v5;
  }
  return 0;
}
// 1060: using guessed type __int64 __isoc99_scanf(const char *, ...);
// 4050: using guessed type char *a;
// 4058: using guessed type char *b;
// 4060: using guessed type char *c;
// 4068: using guessed type char *d;
// 4070: using guessed type char *f;

//----- (0000000000001352) ----------------------------------------------------
_BOOL8 __fastcall comprobacion(char a1, char a2, int a3)
{
  return a1 == (a3 ^ a2);
}

//----- (0000000000001390) ----------------------------------------------------
void __fastcall _libc_csu_init(unsigned int a1, __int64 a2, __int64 a3)
{
  signed __int64 v4; // rbp
  __int64 i; // rbx

  init_proc();
  v4 = &_do_global_dtors_aux_fini_array_entry - &_frame_dummy_init_array_entry;
  if ( v4 )
  {
    for ( i = 0LL; i != v4; ++i )
      ((void (__fastcall *)(_QWORD, __int64, __int64))*(&_frame_dummy_init_array_entry + i))(a1, a2, a3);
  }
}
// 1170: using guessed type __int64 __fastcall frame_dummy(_QWORD, _QWORD, _QWORD);
// 3DE8: using guessed type __int64 (__fastcall *_frame_dummy_init_array_entry)();
// 3DF0: using guessed type __int64 (__fastcall *_do_global_dtors_aux_fini_array_entry)();

//----- (00000000000013F4) ----------------------------------------------------
void term_proc()
{
  ;
}

Extracción de la Flag

Si nos fijamos en las líneas 41 a la 45 vemos las siguientes cadenas:

a = «MdfnJk»
b = «jYx}»
c = «gWmfk»
d = «mlvpc»
f = «neU++w»

Usaremos las cadenas y los valores XOR especificados para cada rango de v5 en el main (líneas 123 a 182) para determinar los caracteres correctos.

Para v5 de 0 a 5: v6 = comprobacion(v4, a[v5], 5);
Significa que: v4 debe ser igual a a[v5] ^ 5

Para v5 de 6 a 9: v6 = comprobacion(v4, b[v5 – 6], 17);
Significa que: v4 debe ser igual a b[v5 – 6] ^ 17

Para v5 de 10 a 14: v6 = comprobacion(v4, c[v5 – 10], 8);
Significa que: v4 debe ser igual a c[v5 – 10] ^ 8

Para v5 de 15 a 19: v6 = comprobacion(v4, d[v5 – 15], 2);
Significa que: v4 debe ser igual a d[v5 – 15] ^ 2

Para v5 de 20 a 25: v6 = comprobacion(v4, f[v5 – 20], 10);
Significa que: v4 debe ser igual a f[v5 – 20] ^ 10

Cálculo de los caracteres correctos:
Para v5 de 0 a 5:
a[0] = ‘M’, M ^ 5 = 0x4D ^ 0x05 = 0x48 -> ‘H’
a[1] = ‘d’, d ^ 5 = 0x64 ^ 0x05 = 0x61 -> ‘a’
a[2] = ‘f’, f ^ 5 = 0x66 ^ 0x05 = 0x63 -> ‘c’
a[3] = ‘n’, n ^ 5 = 0x6E ^ 0x05 = 0x6B -> ‘k’
a[4] = ‘J’, J ^ 5 = 0x4A ^ 0x05 = 0x4F -> ‘O’
a[5] = ‘k’, k ^ 5 = 0x6B ^ 0x05 = 0x6E -> ‘n’
Resulta en la cadena: HackOn

Para v5 de 6 a 9:
b[0] = ‘j’, j ^ 17 = 0x6A ^ 0x11 = 0x7B -> ‘{‘
b[1] = ‘Y’, Y ^ 17 = 0x59 ^ 0x11 = 0x48 -> ‘H’
b[2] = ‘x’, x ^ 17 = 0x78 ^ 0x11 = 0x69 -> ‘i’
b[3] = ‘}’, } ^ 17 = 0x7D ^ 0x11 = 0x6C -> ‘l’
Resulta en la cadena: {Hil

Para v5 de 10 a 14:
c[0] = ‘g’, g ^ 8 = 0x67 ^ 0x08 = 0x6F -> ‘o’
c[1] = ‘W’, W ^ 8 = 0x57 ^ 0x08 = 0x5F -> ‘_’
c[2] = ‘m’, m ^ 8 = 0x6D ^ 0x08 = 0x65 -> ‘e’
c[3] = ‘f’, f ^ 8 = 0x66 ^ 0x08 = 0x6E -> ‘n’
c[4] = ‘k’, k ^ 8 = 0x6B ^ 0x08 = 0x63 -> ‘c’
Resulta en la cadena: o_enc

Para v5 de 15 a 19:
d[0] = ‘m’, m ^ 2 = 0x6D ^ 0x02 = 0x6F -> ‘o’
d[1] = ‘l’, l ^ 2 = 0x6C ^ 0x02 = 0x6E -> ‘n’
d[2] = ‘v’, v ^ 2 = 0x76 ^ 0x02 = 0x74 -> ‘t’
d[3] = ‘p’, p ^ 2 = 0x70 ^ 0x02 = 0x72 -> ‘r’
d[4] = ‘c’, c ^ 2 = 0x63 ^ 0x02 = 0x61 -> ‘a’
Resulta en la cadena: ontra

Para v5 de 20 a 25:
f[0] = ‘n’, n ^ 10 = 0x6E ^ 0x0A = 0x64 -> ‘d’
f[1] = ‘e’, e ^ 10 = 0x65 ^ 0x0A = 0x6F -> ‘o’
f[2] = ‘U’, U ^ 10 = 0x55 ^ 0x0A = 0x5F -> ‘_‘
f[3] = ‘+’, + ^ 10 = 0x2B ^ 0x0A = 0x21 -> ‘!’
f[4] = ‘+’, + ^ 10 = 0x2B ^ 0x0A = 0x21 -> ‘!’
f[5] = ‘w’, w ^ 10 = 0x77 ^ 0x0A = 0x7D -> ‘}’
Resulta en la cadena: do_!!}

Uniendo todas las partes, obtenemos la flag completa: HackOn{Hilo_enc_ontrado_!!}